27 Jul 2023 in Linux / Tech on Virtualbox , Guest additions , Debian , 12 , Bookworm , Console , Linea di comando , Bash
ATTENZIONE! Riflettere prima di fare copia-e-incolla. Declino ogni responsabilità da qualsiasi cosa, ivi compresi i disastri nucleari. Dopo essere passati a root con su - oppure (se attivato) sudo -s, digitare:
apt install -y linux-headers-$(uname -r) tar bzip2 gcc make perl ; mount /dev/cdrom /media/cdrom0 ; /media/cdrom0/VBoxLinuxAdditions.run ; umount /media/cdrom0 ;
FINITO.
23 Jun 2020 in Linux / Tech on Chiavetta , Ext4 , Fdisk , Formattare , Linux , Parted , Mkfs , Pendrive
ATTENZIONE: questa procedura cancellerà tutto il contenuto preesistente sulla chiavetta!!! 22 Mar 2020 in Web / Development / Linux / Wordpress / Centos / Bash / Scripts on Wordpress , Bash , Script , Auto , Installation , Linux , Centos8
I wrote this script for myself, to automate some annying tasks to create virtual machines for testing my WordPress sites. I share in case it can be useful to someone. Quick instructions:
File Archive pCloud
As the site has gone static with Jekyll Gallery thumbsup
03 Jul 2019 in Tech / Linux on Linux , Ubuntu , Vmware , Tools , Open-vm-tools , Open-vm-tools-desktop
[…]
Alternatively, you can install the opensource version of VMware Tools … however, I’ve found that the official tools are better for VMware Workstation’s guest machine operating systems. You can test it out to see if it works in your environment.
To install the tool, run the commands below:
sudo apt install open-vm-tools open-vm-tools-desktop
Restart the guest machine and you’re set.
Enjoy!
Congratulations! You’ve successfully installed VMware Tools on Ubuntu guest machine.
Source: https://websiteforstudents.com/install-vmware-tools-on-ubuntu-18-04-beta-desktop/
11 Jun 2019 in Tech / Linux on Linux , Nethserver , Raid , Lvm , Capacity
THIS ARTICLE IS STILL IN BETA STAGE! (although the first tests gave encouraging results)
Use the informations at AT YOUR OWN RISK. I am not responsible of any damage to you system,
data loss or any other occurrence. It is HIGHLY RECOMMENDED to make backup copy of crucial
configuration files, such as /etc/mdadm.conf and /etc/fstab
Let’s assume that you intalled Nethserver on two disks in mirror and later in use you realize you lack of space in them.
The intent of this guide is to add two disks, also in mirror, ang move the ibay folder on these disks.
So the original disks are sda and sdb (50GB each in this example), while the new disks to add are sdc and sdd (100GB each in this example).
The system base is an unattended NethServer 6.x installation.
Disks layout Let’s assume the system is configured ad follow:
4 disks: sda, sdb, sdc and sdd:
sda and sdb are the disks containing the OS
md1 is the RAID 1 on sda1 and sdb1 for the boot partition
md2 is the RAID 1 on sda2 and sdb2 for the root partition
You can list all disks using this command:
You can list all configured software raid using this command:
We are going to create a new md3 raid on sdc1 and sdd1.
Install required packages Login to shell using with root, then install parted:
Create disks partitions Create the partition:
parted -s -a optimal /dev/sdc mklabel msdos
parted -s -a optimal /dev/sdc mkpart primary 1 100%
parted -s -a optimal /dev/sdd mklabel msdos
parted -s -a optimal /dev/sdd mkpart primary 1 100%
Create RAID 1 Create the RAID on sdc1 and sdd1, execute:
mdadm --create --verbose /dev/md3 --level=1 --raid-devices=2 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1
The system will output something like this:
mdadm: Note: this array has metadata at the start and
may not be suitable as a boot device. If you plan to
store '/boot' on this device please ensure that
your boot-loader understands md/v1.x metadata, or use
--metadata=0.90
mdadm: size set to 104790016K
Continue creating array? y
Answer y to the question, then the system will proceed to start the new array.
Save mdadm configuration to make changes persistent:
cat << EOF > /etc/mdadm.conf
MAILADDR root
AUTO +imsm +1.x -all
EOF
mdadm --detail --scan >> /etc/mdadm.conf
Create new LVM physical volume Execute:
The output should be something like:
Physical volume "/dev/md3" successfully created
Create new LVM volume group VolGroup01 vgcreate VolGroup01 /dev/md3
The output should be something like:
Volume group "VolGroup01" successfully created
Create new LVM logical volume lv_ibay lvcreate -l 100%FREE -n lv_ibay VolGroup01
The output should be something like:
Logical volume "lv_ibay" created.
Now we must create the filesysten on the new LVM logical volume lv_ibay :
mkfs.ext4 /dev/VolGroup01/lv_ibay
Sample output:
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
6553600 inodes, 26196992 blocks
1309849 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=4294967296
800 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 23 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
Create temporary folder and sync with actual ibay mkdir /var/lib/nethserver/ibay.TEMP
chown --reference=/var/lib/nethserver/ibay /var/lib/nethserver/ibay.TEMP
chmod --reference=/var/lib/nethserver/ibay /var/lib/nethserver/ibay.TEMP
mount /dev/VolGroup01/lv_ibay /var/lib/nethserver/ibay.TEMP
rsync -avz /var/lib/nethserver/ibay/ /var/lib/nethserver/ibay.TEMP/
umount /var/lib/nethserver/ibay.TEMP
Switch ibay folder and make new mapping persistent mv /var/lib/nethserver/ibay /var/lib/nethserver/ibay.OLD
mv /var/lib/nethserver/ibay.TEMP /var/lib/nethserver/ibay
echo /dev/mapper/VolGroup01-lv_ibay /var/lib/nethserver/ibay/ ext4 defaults,acl,user_xattr 1 1>> /etc/fstab
mount -a
Reboot the system Enjoy.
Note When you are sure that everithing is up and running you could free some space in the original disks by deleting the original ibay folder:
rm -rf /var/lib/nethserver/ibay.OLD
BEFORE [root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/fstab
#------------------------------------------------------------
# BE CAREFUL WHEN MODIFYING THIS FILE! It is updated automatically
# by the NethServer software. A few entries are updated during
# the template processing of the file and white space is removed,
# but otherwise changes to the file are preserved.
#------------------------------------------------------------
/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root / ext4 defaults,acl,user_xattr 1 1
UUID=82416343-93a0-44e5-ba6b-5dc0791b5e62 /boot ext3 defaults 1 2
/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_swap swap swap defaults 0 0
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 53.7 GB, 53687091200 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 6527 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x000d06c4
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 66 524288 fd Linux raid autodetect
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2 66 6528 51903488 fd Linux raid autodetect
Disk /dev/sdb: 53.7 GB, 53687091200 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 6527 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x000f1f56
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 * 1 66 524288 fd Linux raid autodetect
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sdb2 66 6528 51903488 fd Linux raid autodetect
Disk /dev/sdc: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 13054 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Disk /dev/sdd: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 13054 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Disk /dev/md2: 53.1 GB, 53115617280 bytes
2 heads, 4 sectors/track, 12967680 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 8 * 512 = 4096 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Disk /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_swap: 2113 MB, 2113929216 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 257 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Disk /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root: 51.0 GB, 50969182208 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 6196 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Disk /dev/md1: 536 MB, 536805376 bytes
2 heads, 4 sectors/track, 131056 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 8 * 512 = 4096 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid1]
md1 : active raid1 sda1[0] sdb1[1]
524224 blocks super 1.0 [2/2] [UU]
md2 : active raid1 sdb2[1] sda2[0]
51870720 blocks super 1.1 [2/2] [UU]
bitmap: 1/1 pages [4KB], 65536KB chunk
unused devices: <none>
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/mdadm.conf
# mdadm.conf written out by anaconda
MAILADDR root
AUTO +imsm +1.x -all
ARRAY /dev/md1 level=raid1 num-devices=2 UUID=44110dab:705d1842:07064f76:702a2c72
ARRAY /dev/md2 level=raid1 num-devices=2 UUID=2f878ec9:7b884fd2:ae073b96:6953a0c5
[root@localhost ~]# pvdisplay
--- Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/md2
VG Name VolGroup
PV Size 49.47 GiB / not usable 31.00 MiB
Allocatable yes (but full)
PE Size 32.00 MiB
Total PE 1582
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 1582
PV UUID xFPeSP-FoYO-e2ye-JKh0-NxlN-4Se9-f6QJvV
[root@localhost ~]# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name VolGroup
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 1
Metadata Sequence No 3
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 2
Open LV 2
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size 49.44 GiB
PE Size 32.00 MiB
Total PE 1582
Alloc PE / Size 1582 / 49.44 GiB
Free PE / Size 0 / 0
VG UUID Boeaty-XVQQ-ftjU-PrK8-p8QL-Nnn6-2IthZ2
[root@localhost ~]# lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/VolGroup/lv_swap
LV Name lv_swap
VG Name VolGroup
LV UUID 8fbo72-lQdo-UsTK-m86t-qJaT-mxmN-B9kmXG
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2019-06-11 11:03:20 +0200
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 1.97 GiB
Current LE 63
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:0
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/VolGroup/lv_root
LV Name lv_root
VG Name VolGroup
LV UUID 3vudZ4-HN9L-WFcf-80g1-Y3cC-dB1x-V1AVlD
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2019-06-11 11:03:21 +0200
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 47.47 GiB
Current LE 1519
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:1
AFTER [root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/fstab
#------------------------------------------------------------
# BE CAREFUL WHEN MODIFYING THIS FILE! It is updated automatically
# by the NethServer software. A few entries are updated during
# the template processing of the file and white space is removed,
# but otherwise changes to the file are preserved.
#------------------------------------------------------------
/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root / ext4 defaults,acl,user_xattr 1 1
UUID=82416343-93a0-44e5-ba6b-5dc0791b5e62 /boot ext3 defaults 1 2
/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_swap swap swap defaults 0 0
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/VolGroup01-lv_ibay /var/lib/nethserver/ibay/ ext4 defaults,acl,user_xattr 1
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 53.7 GB, 53687091200 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 6527 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x000d06c4
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 66 524288 fd Linux raid autodetect
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2 66 6528 51903488 fd Linux raid autodetect
Disk /dev/sdb: 53.7 GB, 53687091200 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 6527 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x000f1f56
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 * 1 66 524288 fd Linux raid autodetect
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sdb2 66 6528 51903488 fd Linux raid autodetect
Disk /dev/sdc: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 13054 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x0001cbf2
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdc1 1 13055 104856576 83 Linux
Disk /dev/sdd: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 13054 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x0008446a
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdd1 1 13055 104856576 83 Linux
Disk /dev/md2: 53.1 GB, 53115617280 bytes
2 heads, 4 sectors/track, 12967680 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 8 * 512 = 4096 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Disk /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_swap: 2113 MB, 2113929216 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 257 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Disk /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root: 51.0 GB, 50969182208 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 6196 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Disk /dev/md1: 536 MB, 536805376 bytes
2 heads, 4 sectors/track, 131056 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 8 * 512 = 4096 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Disk /dev/md3: 107.3 GB, 107306024960 bytes
2 heads, 4 sectors/track, 26197760 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 8 * 512 = 4096 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Disk /dev/mapper/VolGroup01-lv_ibay: 107.3 GB, 107302879232 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 13045 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid1]
md3 : active raid1 sdd1[1] sdc1[0]
104791040 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU]
md1 : active raid1 sda1[0] sdb1[1]
524224 blocks super 1.0 [2/2] [UU]
md2 : active raid1 sdb2[1] sda2[0]
51870720 blocks super 1.1 [2/2] [UU]
bitmap: 1/1 pages [4KB], 65536KB chunk
unused devices: <none>
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/mdadm.conf
MAILADDR root
AUTO +imsm +1.x -all
ARRAY /dev/md2 metadata=1.1 name=localhost.localdomain:2 UUID=2f878ec9:7b884fd2:ae073b96:6953a0c5
ARRAY /dev/md1 metadata=1.0 name=localhost.localdomain:1 UUID=44110dab:705d1842:07064f76:702a2c72
ARRAY /dev/md3 metadata=1.2 name=localhost.localdomain:3 UUID=ecc8ed5f:716cdcde:807fcbc2:5201ec10
[root@localhost ~]# pvdisplay
--- Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/md3
VG Name VolGroup01
PV Size 99.94 GiB / not usable 3.00 MiB
Allocatable yes (but full)
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 25583
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 25583
PV UUID YRiPlq-x6wu-YLAt-6NGc-RNmW-NdNL-3RxdjX
--- Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/md2
VG Name VolGroup
PV Size 49.47 GiB / not usable 31.00 MiB
Allocatable yes (but full)
PE Size 32.00 MiB
Total PE 1582
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 1582
PV UUID xFPeSP-FoYO-e2ye-JKh0-NxlN-4Se9-f6QJvV
[root@localhost ~]# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name VolGroup01
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 1
Metadata Sequence No 2
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 1
Open LV 1
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size 99.93 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 25583
Alloc PE / Size 25583 / 99.93 GiB
Free PE / Size 0 / 0
VG UUID K80sMY-YsAh-aPXd-NTnA-yLjW-mp5N-xAvob7
--- Volume group ---
VG Name VolGroup
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 1
Metadata Sequence No 3
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 2
Open LV 2
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size 49.44 GiB
PE Size 32.00 MiB
Total PE 1582
Alloc PE / Size 1582 / 49.44 GiB
Free PE / Size 0 / 0
VG UUID Boeaty-XVQQ-ftjU-PrK8-p8QL-Nnn6-2IthZ2
[root@localhost ~]# lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/VolGroup01/lv_ibay
LV Name lv_ibay
VG Name VolGroup01
LV UUID MHDSkY-yMQC-hdRr-q6r4-QpX0-qHx9-eOciO3
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2019-06-11 16:11:26 +0200
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 99.93 GiB
Current LE 25583
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:2
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/VolGroup/lv_swap
LV Name lv_swap
VG Name VolGroup
LV UUID 8fbo72-lQdo-UsTK-m86t-qJaT-mxmN-B9kmXG
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2019-06-11 11:03:20 +0200
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 1.97 GiB
Current LE 63
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:0
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/VolGroup/lv_root
LV Name lv_root
VG Name VolGroup
LV UUID 3vudZ4-HN9L-WFcf-80g1-Y3cC-dB1x-V1AVlD
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2019-06-11 11:03:21 +0200
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 47.47 GiB
Current LE 1519
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:1
Source for mirror creation:
https://wiki.nethserver.org/doku.php?id=howto_manually_create_raid1
Source for LVM expansion:
https://fdiforms.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/217903228-Expanding-disk-space-via-LVM-partitions
Hints:
https://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-general-1/using-parted-command-to-create-lvm-partitions-4175533903/
Download this article in PDF - Complete console log
05 May 2019 in Tech / Linux on Linux , Nethserver , Raid , Lvm , Capacity
THIS ARTICLE IS STILL IN BETA STAGE! (although the first tests gave encouraging results)
Use the informations at AT YOUR OWN RISK. I am not responsible of any damage to you system,
data loss or any other occurrence.
Nethserver 6.x - Expanding capacity by adding two new disks in mirror Let’s assume that you intalled Nethserver on two disks in mirror and later in use you realize you lack of space in them.
The intent of this guide is to add two disks, also in mirror, ang espand the root LVM volume on them.
So the original disks are sda and sdb (50GB each in this example), while the new disks to add are sdc and sdd (100GB each in this example).
The system base is an unattended NethServer 6.x installation.
Disks layout Let’s assume the system is configured ad follow:
4 disks: sda, sdb, sdc and sdd:
sda and sdb are the disks containing the OS
md1 is the RAID 1 on sda1 and sdb1 for the boot partition
md2 is the RAID 1 on sda2 and sdb2 for the root partition
You can list all disks using this command:
You can list all configured software raid using this command:
We are going to create a new md3 raid on sdc1 and sdd1.
Install required packages Login to shell using with root, then install parted:
Create disks partitions Create the partition:
parted -s -a optimal /dev/sdc mklabel gpt
parted -s -a optimal /dev/sdc mkpart primary 0% 100%
parted -s -a optimal /dev/sdd mklabel gpt
parted -s -a optimal /dev/sdd mkpart primary 0% 100%
Create RAID 1 Create the RAID on sdc1 and sdd1, execute:
mdadm --create --verbose /dev/md3 --level=1 --raid-devices=2 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1
The system will output something like this:
mdadm: Note: this array has metadata at the start and
may not be suitable as a boot device. If you plan to
store '/boot' on this device please ensure that
your boot-loader understands md/v1.x metadata, or use
--metadata=0.90
mdadm: size set to 104790016K
Continue creating array? y
Answer y to the question, then the system will proceed to start the new array.
Save mdadm configuration to make changes persistent:
cat << EOF > /etc/mdadm.conf
MAILADDR root
AUTO +imsm +1.x -all
EOF
mdadm --detail --scan >> /etc/mdadm.conf
Create new LVM physical volume Execute:
The output should be something like:
Physical volume "/dev/md3" successfully created
Extend LVM logical volume lv_root First, add the new physical volume to the volume group, executing:
vgextend /dev/VolGroup /dev/md3
The output should be something like:
Volume group "VolGroup" successfully extended
Second, extend the volume group to use the new physical volume, executing:
lvextend -l +100%FREE /dev/VolGroup/lv_root
The output should be something like:
Size of logical volume VolGroup/lv_root changed from 47.47 GiB (1519 extents) to 147.38 GiB (4716 extents).
Logical volume lv_root successfully resized.
Finally, extend the file system (this may take a while), executing:
resize2fs /dev/VolGroup/lv_root
The output should be something like:
The filesystem on /dev/VolGroup/lv_root is now 38633472 blocks long.
Enjoy.
BEFORE [root@ns6-extend ~]# cat /etc/fstab
#------------------------------------------------------------
# BE CAREFUL WHEN MODIFYING THIS FILE! It is updated automatically
# by the NethServer software. A few entries are updated during
# the template processing of the file and white space is removed,
# but otherwise changes to the file are preserved.
#------------------------------------------------------------
/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root / ext4 defaults,acl,user_xattr 1 1
UUID=9baac90a-1683-47c6-96b4-61d91974e3ef /boot ext3 defaults 1 2
/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_swap swap swap defaults 0 0
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
[root@ns6-extend ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 53.7 GB, 53687091200 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 6527 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x000d06c4
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 66 524288 fd Linux raid autodetect
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2 66 6528 51903488 fd Linux raid autodetect
Disk /dev/sdb: 53.7 GB, 53687091200 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 6527 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x000f1f56
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 * 1 66 524288 fd Linux raid autodetect
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sdb2 66 6528 51903488 fd Linux raid autodetect
Disk /dev/sdc: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 13054 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Disk /dev/sdd: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 13054 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Disk /dev/md2: 53.1 GB, 53115617280 bytes
2 heads, 4 sectors/track, 12967680 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 8 * 512 = 4096 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Disk /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_swap: 2113 MB, 2113929216 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 257 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Disk /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root: 51.0 GB, 50969182208 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 6196 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Disk /dev/md1: 536 MB, 536805376 bytes
2 heads, 4 sectors/track, 131056 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 8 * 512 = 4096 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
[root@ns6-extend ~]# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid1]
md1 : active raid1 sda1[0] sdb1[1]
524224 blocks super 1.0 [2/2] [UU]
md2 : active raid1 sdb2[1] sda2[0]
51870720 blocks super 1.1 [2/2] [UU]
bitmap: 1/1 pages [4KB], 65536KB chunk
unused devices: <none>
[root@ns6-extend ~]# cat /etc/mdadm.conf
# mdadm.conf written out by anaconda
MAILADDR root
AUTO +imsm +1.x -all
ARRAY /dev/md1 level=raid1 num-devices=2 UUID=bc4842ad:edf14f2a:c0a51a01:69a36f1d
ARRAY /dev/md2 level=raid1 num-devices=2 UUID=f10240ed:53a59773:6a28bb8f:c3910006
[root@ns6-extend ~]# pvdisplay
--- Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/md2
VG Name VolGroup
PV Size 49.47 GiB / not usable 31.00 MiB
Allocatable yes (but full)
PE Size 32.00 MiB
Total PE 1582
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 1582
PV UUID YagK22-RPpp-Vv9t-ZqcH-w8Bf-3cC3-9SzziS
[root@ns6-extend ~]# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name VolGroup
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 1
Metadata Sequence No 3
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 2
Open LV 2
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size 49.44 GiB
PE Size 32.00 MiB
Total PE 1582
Alloc PE / Size 1582 / 49.44 GiB
Free PE / Size 0 / 0
VG UUID F0zUVL-JWzi-vSry-oFUn-1Qq3-E7tA-mNjdyv
[root@ns6-extend ~]# lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/VolGroup/lv_swap
LV Name lv_swap
VG Name VolGroup
LV UUID T7tDyf-gR6H-lAas-B8f1-7y4x-5zxq-uNJjjL
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2019-05-15 18:18:17 +0200
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 1.97 GiB
Current LE 63
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:0
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/VolGroup/lv_root
LV Name lv_root
VG Name VolGroup
LV UUID bejl2n-2R4l-n3ZG-uznX-4E7l-WUW2-4OLXgn
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2019-05-15 18:18:18 +0200
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 47.47 GiB
Current LE 1519
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:1
AFTER [root@ns6-extend ~]# cat /etc/fstab
#------------------------------------------------------------
# BE CAREFUL WHEN MODIFYING THIS FILE! It is updated automatically
# by the NethServer software. A few entries are updated during
# the template processing of the file and white space is removed,
# but otherwise changes to the file are preserved.
#------------------------------------------------------------
/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root / ext4 defaults,acl,user_xattr 1 1
UUID=9baac90a-1683-47c6-96b4-61d91974e3ef /boot ext3 defaults 1 2
/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_swap swap swap defaults 0 0
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
[root@ns6-extend ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 53.7 GB, 53687091200 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 6527 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x000d06c4
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 66 524288 fd Linux raid autodetect
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2 66 6528 51903488 fd Linux raid autodetect
Disk /dev/sdb: 53.7 GB, 53687091200 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 6527 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x000f1f56
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 * 1 66 524288 fd Linux raid autodetect
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sdb2 66 6528 51903488 fd Linux raid autodetect
WARNING: GPT (GUID Partition Table) detected on '/dev/sdc'! The util fdisk doesn't support GPT. Use GNU Parted.
Disk /dev/sdc: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 13054 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdc1 1 13055 104857599+ ee GPT
WARNING: GPT (GUID Partition Table) detected on '/dev/sdd'! The util fdisk doesn't support GPT. Use GNU Parted.
Disk /dev/sdd: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 13054 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdd1 1 13055 104857599+ ee GPT
Disk /dev/md2: 53.1 GB, 53115617280 bytes
2 heads, 4 sectors/track, 12967680 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 8 * 512 = 4096 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Disk /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_swap: 2113 MB, 2113929216 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 257 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Disk /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root: 158.2 GB, 158242701312 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 19238 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Disk /dev/md1: 536 MB, 536805376 bytes
2 heads, 4 sectors/track, 131056 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 8 * 512 = 4096 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Disk /dev/md3: 107.3 GB, 107304976384 bytes
2 heads, 4 sectors/track, 26197504 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 8 * 512 = 4096 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
[root@ns6-extend ~]# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid1]
md3 : active raid1 sdd1[1] sdc1[0]
104790016 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU]
[========>............] resync = 40.5% (42496256/104790016) finish=5.2min speed=196334K/sec
md1 : active raid1 sda1[0] sdb1[1]
524224 blocks super 1.0 [2/2] [UU]
md2 : active raid1 sdb2[1] sda2[0]
51870720 blocks super 1.1 [2/2] [UU]
bitmap: 0/1 pages [0KB], 65536KB chunk
unused devices: <none>
[root@ns6-extend ~]# cat /etc/mdadm.conf
MAILADDR root
AUTO +imsm +1.x -all
ARRAY /dev/md2 metadata=1.1 name=localhost.localdomain:2 UUID=f10240ed:53a59773:6a28bb8f:c3910006
ARRAY /dev/md1 metadata=1.0 name=localhost.localdomain:1 UUID=bc4842ad:edf14f2a:c0a51a01:69a36f1d
ARRAY /dev/md3 metadata=1.2 name=ns6-extend.danielelolli.it:3 UUID=0711509f:7bf8a53f:dcacee90:af1d73dd
[root@ns6-extend ~]# pvdisplay
--- Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/md2
VG Name VolGroup
PV Size 49.47 GiB / not usable 31.00 MiB
Allocatable yes (but full)
PE Size 32.00 MiB
Total PE 1582
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 1582
PV UUID YagK22-RPpp-Vv9t-ZqcH-w8Bf-3cC3-9SzziS
--- Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/md3
VG Name VolGroup
PV Size 99.94 GiB / not usable 30.00 MiB
Allocatable yes (but full)
PE Size 32.00 MiB
Total PE 3197
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 3197
PV UUID whvLth-CxyH-2NDn-WEMF-q33B-uYsZ-99rsz1
[root@ns6-extend ~]# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name VolGroup
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 2
Metadata Sequence No 5
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 2
Open LV 2
Max PV 0
Cur PV 2
Act PV 2
VG Size 149.34 GiB
PE Size 32.00 MiB
Total PE 4779
Alloc PE / Size 4779 / 149.34 GiB
Free PE / Size 0 / 0
VG UUID F0zUVL-JWzi-vSry-oFUn-1Qq3-E7tA-mNjdyv
[root@ns6-extend ~]# lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/VolGroup/lv_swap
LV Name lv_swap
VG Name VolGroup
LV UUID T7tDyf-gR6H-lAas-B8f1-7y4x-5zxq-uNJjjL
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2019-05-15 18:18:17 +0200
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 1.97 GiB
Current LE 63
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:0
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/VolGroup/lv_root
LV Name lv_root
VG Name VolGroup
LV UUID bejl2n-2R4l-n3ZG-uznX-4E7l-WUW2-4OLXgn
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2019-05-15 18:18:18 +0200
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 147.38 GiB
Current LE 4716
Segments 2
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:1
Source for mirror creation:
https://wiki.nethserver.org/doku.php?id=howto_manually_create_raid1
Source for LVM expansion:
https://fdiforms.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/217903228-Expanding-disk-space-via-LVM-partitions
Hints:
https://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-general-1/using-parted-command-to-create-lvm-partitions-4175533903/
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07 Sep 2018 in Tech / Web on Aruba , Dns , Github , Pages , Sito
Se il tuo portatile è come il mio o se la scheda di rete risulta essere la stessa digitando il comando lspci (Network controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8723BE PCIe Wireless Network Adapter), allora queste due righe di codice ti possono salvare la vita:
sudo modprobe -r rtl8723be
sudo modprobe rtl8723be ant_sel=1
oppure:
sudo modprobe -r rtl8723be
sudo modprobe rtl8723be ant_sel=2
Dettagli nelle fonti:
https://forum.ubuntu-it.org/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=623161# https://askubuntu.com/questions/883673/rtl8723be-wifi-incredibly-weak Pagination © 2020. All rights reserved. LICENSE | NOTICE | CHANGELOG | PRIVACY
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